SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR41

Selectively expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein S1 subunit in cardiomyocytes induces cardiac hypertrophy in mice

The battle between host and SARS-CoV-2: Innate immunity and viral evasion strategies - ScienceDirect

Recombinant human plasma gelsolin reverses increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier induced by the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, Journal of Neuroinflammation

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SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induces TLR4-mediated long-term cognitive dysfunction recapitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome in mice - ScienceDirect

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SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces the cytokine release syndrome by stimulating T cells to produce more IL-2

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces inflammation via TLR2-dependent activation of the NF-κB pathway

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces a differential monocyte activation that may contribute to age bias in COVID-19 severity

SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins fail to activate human dendritic cells or γδ T cells

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SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is not pro-inflammatory in human primary macrophages: endotoxin contamination and lack of protein glycosylation as possible confounders